Biomarkers of Lung Cancer: Meta-analysis of Biomarkers Used to Identify Types of Lung Cancers Based on the Morphology and Histology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18034/mjmbr.v8i2.611Keywords:
Biomarker, Lung Cancer, Morphology, HistologyAbstract
Cancer of the lung is a malignant lung tumor with a wide range of histological variants. The tumor arises from different types of cells, such as bronchioles, epithelium, bronchial mucous glands, or the alveoli. How effective the treatment depends on the histological variant of the lung tumor. It is therefore necessary that the histology of cancer and the respective biomarkers be accurately identified. Detection of malignant cells is possible only when the clinician has an accurate knowledge of the origin and nature of these cells. It is pertinent to state that these malignant cells release certain biomarkers into the general circulation. Currently, screening for malignant tumors is done with various panels of biomarkers. To date, there is no one serum biomarker capable of identifying the various lung cancer types. As such, accurate diagnosis is done only with immunohistochemistry and histological analysis of tumor biopsies. This article discusses the different protein biomarkers employed in the diagnosis of lung cancer and recent advances in uniform biomarker discovery.
Downloads
References
Andre, F., Schartz, N., Movassagh, M., Flament, C., Pautier, P., Morice, P., Pomel, C., Lhomme, C., Escudier, B., Le Chevalier, T., et al. (2002). Malignant effusions and immunogenic tumour-derived exosomes. Lancet. 360, 295–305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09552-1
Arya, S. K., and Bhansali, S. (2011). Lung cancer and its early detection using biomarker-based biosensors. Chemical Reviews, 111(11), 6783–6809. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr100420s DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr100420s
Bermudez, V., Farina, A., Raghavan, V., Tappin, I., Hurwitz, J. (2011). Studies on human DNA polymerase epsilon and GINS complex and their role in DNA replication. J. Biol. Chem., 286, 28963–28977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.256289
Bigbee, W. L., Gopalakrishnan, V., Weissfeld, J. L., Wilson, D. O., Dacic, S., Lokshin, A. E., Siegfried, J. M. (2012). A multiplexed serum biomarker immunoassay panel discriminates clinical lung cancer patients from high-risk individuals found to be cancer-free by CT screening. J. Thorac. Oncol., 7, 698–708. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e31824ab6b0
Brambilla, E., Travis, W. D. (2014). Lung cancer. In: Stewart B.W., Wild C.P., editors. World Cancer Report. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland.
Capelozzi, V. (2009). Role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Jornal Brasileiro De Pneumologia. 35, 375–382. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132009000400012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132009000400012
Chan, H., Lewis, C., Thomas, P. (2009). Exhaled breath analysis: Novel approach for early detection of lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 63, 164–168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.05.020
Chapman, C., Thorpe, A., Murray, A., Parsy-Kowalska, C., Allen, J., Stafford, K., Chauhan, A., Kite, T., Maddison, P., Robertson, J. (2011). Immunobiomarkers in small cell lung cancer: Potential early cancer signals. Clin. Cancer Res., 17, 1474–1480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1363
Cho, L. C., Dowell, J. E., Garwood, D., Spangler, A., Choy, H. (2005). Prophylactic cranial irradiation with combined modality therapy for patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Seminars in Oncology, 32(3), 293-298. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2005.02.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2005.02.017
Dogan, S., Shen, R., Ang, D., Johnson, M., D’Angelo, S., Paik, P., Brzostowski, E., Riely, G., Kris, M., Zakowski, M., Ladanyi, M. (2012). Molecular epidemiology of EGFR and KRAS mutations in 3026 lung adenocarcinomas: Higher susceptibility of women to smoking-related KRAS-mutant cancers. Clinical Cancer Research, 18(22), 6169–6177. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3265 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3265
Doseeva, V., Colpitts, T., Gao, G., Woodcock, J., Knezevic, V. (2015). Performance of a multiplexed dual analyte immunoassay for the early detection of non-small cell lung cancer. J. Transl. Med., 13:55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-015-0419-y
Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., Rebelo, M., Parkin, D. M., Forman, D. and Bray, F. (2015). Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int. J. Cancer, 136, E359-E386. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210
Ferrigno, D., Buccheri, G., Biggi, A. (1994). Serum tumor-markers in lung-cancer: History, biology and clinical-applications. Eur. Respir. J., 7, 186–197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.94.07010186
Fiorentino, F. P., Macaluso, M., Miranda, F., Montanari, M., Russo, A., Bagella, L., Giordano, A. (2011). CTCF and BORIS regulate Rb2/p130 gene transcription: A novel mechanism and a new paradigm for understanding the biology of lung cancer. Molecular Cancer Research, 9(2), 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-10-0493 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-10-0493
Foa, P., Fornier, M., Miceli, R., Seregni, E., Santambrogio, L., Nosotti, M., Cataldo, I., Sala, M., Caldiera, S., Bombardieri, E. (1999). Tumour markers CEA, NSE, SCC, TPA and CYFRA 21.1 in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res., 19, 3613–3618.
Gaspar, L., Scott, C., Rotman, M., Asbell, S., Phillips, T., Wasserman, T., McKenna, W., Byhardt, R. (1997). Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of prognostic factors in three radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) brain metastases trials. International Journal of Radiation Oncology - Biology – Physics, 37(4), 745–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(96)00619-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(96)00619-0
Goetsch, C. M. (2011). Genetic tumor profiling and genetically targeted cancer therapy. Semin. Oncol. Nurs., 27, 34–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2010.11.005
Grunnet, M., Sorensen, J. (2012). Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as tumor marker in lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 76, 138–143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.11.012
Hokka, D., Maniwa, Y., Tane, S., Nishio, W., Yoshimura, M., Okita, Y., Ohbayashi, C., Sakai, Y., Chen, X., Hayashi, Y. (2013). Psf3 is a prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer., 79, 77–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.10.001
Hotta, K., Segawa, Y., Takigawa, N., Kishino, D., Saeki, H., Nakata, M., Mandai, K., Eguchi, K. (2000). Evaluation of the relationship between serum carcinoembryonic antigen level and treatment outcome in surgically resected clinical-stage I patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res., 20, 2177–2180.
Imyanitov E., Demidova I., Gordiev M., Filipenko M., Kekeyeva T., Moliaka Y., Gervas P., Kozhemyako V., Vodolazhskiy D., Sergeyeva L., et al. (2016). Distribution of EGFR mutations in 10,607 Russian patients with lung cancer. Mol. Diagn. Ther. 20, 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-016-0213-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-016-0213-4
Jantus-Lewintre, E., Usó, M., Sanmartín, E., Camps, C. (2012). Update on biomarkers for the detection of lung cancer. Lung Cancer Targ. Ther. 3, 21–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/LCTT.S23424
Jantus-Lewintre, E., Uso, M., Sanmartin, E., Gallach, S., Sirera, R., Hernando, A., Martinez, N., Figueroa, S., Casimiro, E., Camps, C. (2013). Ratios between VEGF ligands and receptors in tumor and stroma have impact on the outcome in resectable NSCLC. J. Clin. Oncol., 31:e22147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e22147
Jett, J., Peek, L., Fredericks, L., Jewell, W., Pingleton, W., Robertson, J. (2014). Audit of the autoantibody test, EarlyCDT®-Lung, in 1600 patients: An evaluation of its performance in routine clinical practice. Lung Cancer., 83, 51–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.10.008
Kato, H. (1996). Expression and function of squamous cell carcinoma antigen. Anticancer Res. 16, 2149–2153.
Kato, H., Tamai, K., Magaya, T. (1985). Clinical value of SCC-antigen, a subfraction of tumor antigen TA-4, in the manage-ment of cervical cancer. Gan No Rinsho., 31, 594–599.
Kuespert, K., Pils, S., Hauck, C. (2006). Ceacams: Their role in physiology and pathophysiology. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 18, 565–571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2006.08.008
Lakshmanan, I., Ponnusamy, M., Macha, M., Haridas, D., Majhi, P., Kaur, S., Jain, M., Batra, S., Ganti, A. (2015). Mucins in lung cancer diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. J. Thorac. Oncol., 10, 19–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0000000000000404
Lee, D., Kim, S., Kang, J., Hong, S., Jeon, E., Kim, Y., Yoo, I., Park, J., Jang, H., Lee, H., et al. (2014). Serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels and the risk of whole-body metastatic potential in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J. Cancer., 5, 663–669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.9871
Makino, T., Mikami, T., Hata, Y., Otsuka, H., Koezuka, S., Isobe, K., Tochigi, N., Shibuya, K., Homma, S., Iyoda, A. (2016). Comprehensive biomarkers for personalized treatment in pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: A comparative analysis with adenocarcinoma. Ann. Thorac. Surg., 102, 1694–1701. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.04.100
Marshall, H., Bowman, R., Yang, I., Fong, K., Berg, C. (2013). Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: A Review of Current Status. J. Thorac. Dis., 5, S524–S539.
Mehan, M., Ayers, D., Thirstrup, D., Xiong, W., Ostroff, R., Brody, E., Walker, J., Gold, L., Jarvis, T., Janjic, N., et al. (2012). Protein signature of lung cancer tissues. PLoS ONE, 7:e35157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035157
Mitas, M., Hoover, L., Silvestri, G., Reed, C., Green, M., Turrisi, A., Sherman, C., Mikhitarian, K., Cole, D., Block, M., et al. (2003). Lunx is a superior molecular marker for detection of non-small lung cell cancer in peripheral blood. J. Mol. Diagn., 5, 237–242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60480-1
Mizuguchi, S., Nishiyama, N., Iwata, T., Nishida, T., Izumi, N., Tsukioka, T., Inoue, K., Uenishi, T., Wakasa, K., Suehiro, S. (2007). Serum Sialyl Lewis(x) and cytokeratin 19 fragment as predictive factors for recurrence in patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 58, 369–375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.07.002
Montani, F., Marzi, M., Dezi, F., Dama, E., Carletti, R., Bonizzi, G., Bertolotti, R., Bellomi, M., Rampinelli, C., Maisonneuve, P., et al. (2015). Mir-test: A blood test for lung cancer early detection. Cancer Res. 75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1573
Muller, K. (1984). Histological classification and histogenesis of lung-cancer. Eur. J. Respir. Dis., 65, 4–19.
Nagrath, S., Sequist, L., Maheswaran, S., Bell, D., Irimia, D., Ulkus, L., Smith, M., Kwak, E., Digumarthy, S., Muzikansky, A., et al. (2007). Isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology. Nature, 450, 1235–1239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06385
Okada, M., Nishio, W., Skaamoto, T., Uchino, K., Yuki, T., Nakagawa, A., Tsubota, N. (2004). Effect of hystologic type and smoking status on interpretation of serum carcinoembryonic antigen value in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Ann. Thorac. Surg., 78, 1004–1009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.03.019
Pachter, J., de Vries, H., Fabry, Z. (2003). The blood-brain barrier and its role in immune privilege in the central nervous system. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 62, 593–604. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/62.6.593
Paci, M., Rapicetta, C., Maramotti, S. (2010). New biomarkers for lung cancer. Expert Opin. Med. Diagn., 4, 201–224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1517/17530051003725113
Papadopoulos, E., Petraki, C., Gregorakis, A., Chra, E., Fragoulis, E., Scorilas, A. (2015). l-Dopa decarboxylase mRNA levels provide high diagnostic accuracy and discrimination between clear cell and non-clear cell subtypes in renal cell carcinoma. Clin. Biochem. 48, 590–595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.02.007
Pujol, J., Grenier, J., Daures, J., Daver, A., Pujol, H., Michel, F. (1993). Serum fragment of cytokeratin subunit-19 measured by CYFRA-21-1 immunoradiometric assay as a marker of lung-cancer. Cancer Res., 53, 61–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0969-8051(94)90070-1
Rabinowits, G., Gercel-Taylor, C., Day, J., Taylor, D., Kloecker, G. (2009). Exosomal microrna: A diagnostic marker for lung cancer. Clin. Lung Cancer, 10, 42–46. https://doi.org/10.3816/CLC.2009.n.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3816/CLC.2009.n.006
Reiber, H. (2001). Dynamics of brain-derived proteins in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin. Chim. Acta., 310, 173–186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-8981(01)00573-3
Reiber, H., Jacobi, C., Felgenhauer, K. (1986). Sensitive quantitation of carcinoembrionic antigen in cerebrospinal fluid and its barrier-dependent differentiation. Clin. Chim. Acta., 156, 259–269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(86)90069-0
Schnabel P., and Junker K. (2015). Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors in the new WHO 2015 classification. Start of breaking new grounds? Pathologist, 36, 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-015-0030-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-015-0030-2
Sholl, L. (2015). Biomarkers in lung adenocarcinoma a decade of progress. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 139, 469–480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2014-0128-RA
Sozzi, G., Boeri, M., Rossi, M., Verri, C., Suatoni, P., Bravi, F., Roz, L., Conte, D., Grassi, M., Sverzellati, N., et al. (2014). Clinical utility of a plasma-based miRNA signature classifier within computed tomography lung cancer screening: A correlative MILD trial study. J. Clin. Oncol., 32, 768–773. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.50.4357
Sozzi, G., Conte, D., Leon, M., Cirincione, R., Roz, L., Ratcliffe, C., Roz, E., Cirenei, N., Bellomi, M., Pelosi, G., et al. (2003). Quantification of free circulating DNA as a diagnostic marker in lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 21, 3902–3908. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.02.006
Stovold, R., Blackhall, F., Meredith, S., Hou, J., Dive, C., White, A. (2012). Biomarkers for small cell lung cancer: Neuroendocrine, epithelial and circulating tumour cells. Lung Cancer. 76, 263–268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.11.015
Suminami, Y., Nawata, S., Kato, H. (1998). Biological role of SCC antigen. Tumor Biol., 19, 488–493. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000030042
Sung, H., and Cho, J. (2018). Biomarkers for the lung cancer diagnosis and their advances in proteomics. BMB Rep. 41, 615–625. https://doi.org/10.5483/BMBRep.2008.41.9.615 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5483/BMBRep.2008.41.9.615
Tane, S., Sakai, Y., Hokka, D., Okuma, H., Ogawa, H., Tanaka, Y., Uchino, K., Nishio, W., Yoshimura, M., Maniwa, Y. (2015). Significant role of Psf3 expression in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci., 106, 1625–1634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.12770
Tauchi, S., Sakai, Y., Fujimoto, S., Ogawa, H., Tan,e S., Hokka, D., Tanaka, Y., Nishio, W., Yoshimura, M., Yanagita, E., et al. (2016). Psf3 is a prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma: A larger trial using tissue microarrays of 864 consecutive resections. Eur. J. Cardio Thorac. Surg., 50, 758–764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezw077
Travis, W. (2012). Update on small cell carcinoma and its differentiation from squamous cell carcinoma and other non-small cell carcinomas. Mod. Pathol, 25, S18–S30. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2011.150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2011.150
Valenti, R., Huber, V., Filipazzi, P., Pilla, L., Sovena, G., Villa, A., Corbelli, A., Fais, S., Parmiani, G., Rivoltini, L. (2006). Human tumor-released microvesicles promote the differentiation of myeloid cells with transforming growth factor-β-mediated suppressive activity on T lymphocytes. Cancer Res., 66, 9290–9298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1819
Vazquez, M., Koizurni, J., Henschke, C., Yankelevitz, D. (2007). Reliability of cytologic diagnosis of early lung cancer. Cancer Cytopathol. 111, 252–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.22767 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.22767
Wang, J., Yi, Y., Li, B., Wang, Z., Sun, H., Zhang, P., Huang, W. (2010). CYFRA 21-1 can predict the sensitivity to chemoradiotherapy of non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Biomarkers. 15, 594–601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/1354750X.2010.504308
Weynants, P., Humblet, Y., Canon, J., Symann, M. (1990). Biology of small-cell lung-cancer—An overview. Eur. Respir. J., 699–714.
Yu, Z., Chen, X., Cui, L., Si, H., Lu, H., Liu, S. (2014). Prediction of lung cancer based on serum biomarkers by gene expression programming methods. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 15, 9367–9373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.21.9367
--0--
Published
Issue
Section
License
How to Cite
