The Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar are Victim of Genocide!

Authors

  • Haradhan Kumar Mohajan Premier University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18034/abcjar.v7i2.82

Keywords:

Ethnic cleansing, genocide, human rights, Rohingya

Abstract

This article deals with the genocide against the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar. For decades, the Rohingya in Myanmar has been the victim of the extensive violation of human rights. Recently the Rohingya, Karen, San, Chin, and other ethnic groups are facing ethnic cleansing in Myanmar. Of them, the Rohingya is the mostly dehumanized and persecuted ethnic minority group. The Rohingya is stateless and exile in its own country. The Government of Myanmar (GoM) has taken attempts for establishing one nation, one language, and one religious policy in the country. Since 2012 the persecution upon the Rohingya in Myanmar falls in the genocide. In 1917, the Rohingya faced the final stages of genocide. Genocide is considered as one of the worst moral crimes a Government can commit against its citizens. An attempt has been taken here to discuss the aspects of genocide, and genocide upon the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar. 

 

 

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Haradhan Kumar Mohajan, Premier University

    Faculty of Business Studies, Premier University, Chittagong, BANGLADESH

References

Abdelkader, E. (2014). Myanmar’s Democracy Struggle: The Impact of Communal Violence upon Rohingya Woman and Youth. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, 23(3), 511–542.

Adelman, H. (2008). Protracted Displacement in Asia: No Place to Call Home. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.

Advisory Commission on Rakhine State (2017). Towards a Peaceful, Fair and Prosperous Future for the People of Rakhine. Final Report of the Advisory Commission on Rakhine State.

Al Jazeera (2018). Myanmar: Security Forces Face ‘Action’ over Killings. Al Jazeera News. 12 February 2018.

Alam, M. A. (2013). Historical Background of Arakan. Kaladen Press.

Albert, E. (2017). The Rohingya Migrant Crisis. Council on Foreign Relations, 1-6. http://www.cfr.org/burmamyanmar/rohingya-migrant-crisis/p36651

Amnesty International, AI (2017). Caged Without a Roof. Apartheid in Myanmar’s Rakhine State. Amnesty International Ltd., London, UK.

Andreopoulos, G. J. (1997). Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Arnold, K. (2016). Myanmar’s Shame: Living inside Rohingya Ghettos, March 31, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/31/asia/myanmar-rohingya-camp/

Blumberg, A. (2018). Mass Graves Suggest Systematic Killing of Rohingya in Myanmar. 1 February 2018, HuffPost Canada.

Central Intelligence Agency, CIA (2013). The World Factbook. East and South East Asia: Burma.

Chan, A. (2005). The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, 3(2), 396–420.

Charny, I. W. (Ed.) (1999). Encyclopedia of Genocide, Vol. 1-2. Santa Barbara, California.

Coutts, E. (2005). The Rohingya Refugee Situation in Bangladesh. American International School.

Crossman, L. (2014). Myanmar’s Rohingya Refugees the Search for Human Security. Master Thesis, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.

Demographics of Myanmar (2018). Population of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar in 2018.

Dhaka Tribune (2017). There is No Rohingya Left in Tulatoli. Dhaka Tribune, 9 September 2017.

Feierstein, D. (2014). Genocide as Social Practice: Reorganising Society under the Nazis and Argentina’s Military Juntas. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Fortify Rights (2015). Persecution of the Rohingya Muslims: Is Genocide Occurring in Myanmar’s Rakhine State? A Legal Analysis, Yale Law School.

Gellately, R., & Kiernan, B. (2003). The Spectator of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Green, P., MacManus, T., & de la Cour Venning, A. (2015). Countdown to Annihilation: Genocide in Myanmar. London: International State Crime Initiative.

Grundy-Warr, C., & Wong, E. (1997). Sanctuary under a Plastic Sheet–The Unresolved Problem of Rohingya Refugees. IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin. Autumn, 79–91.

Hodal, K. (2013). Buddhist Monk Uses Racism and Rumors to Spread Hatred in Burma. The Guardian, April 18, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/18/buddhist-monk-spreads-hatred-burma

HRW (2013). All You Can Do is Pray: Crimes against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma’s Arakan State. https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/04/22/all-you-can-do-pray/crimes-against-humanity-and-ethnic-cleansing-rohingya-muslims

Human Rights Watch, HRW (2012). The Government Could Have Stopped This: Sectarian Violence and Ensuing Abuses in Burma’s Arakan State. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/burma0812webwcover_0.pdf

International Criminal Court, ICC (2011). Elements of Crimes. The International Criminal Court.

International Crisis Group (2016). Myanmar: A New Muslim Insurgency in Rakhine State. Brussels: December 15, 2016.

International Development Committee (2018). Bangladesh and Burma: The Rohingya Crisis. House of Commons International Development Committee, Second Report of Session 2017–19, House of Commons, London.

Islam, N. (1999). The Rohingya Problem. Arakan Rohingya National Organisation (ARNO). Arakan (Burma).

Jones, A. (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. 2nd Edition.

Khin, T. (2014). Is Rohingya Genocide in Burma Being Ignored? The Huffington Post, May 5, 2014.

Kiragu, E., Rosi, A. L., & Morris, T. (2011). States of Denial a Review of UNHCR’s Response to the Protracted Situation of Stateless Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. http://www.unhcr.org/4ee754c19.pdf

Klug, F. (2017). AP Finds Evidence for Graves, Rohingya Massacre in Myanmar. AP News.

Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd Ed.). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.

Lemkin, R. (1944). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. Washington, DC.

Lone, W., Oo, K. S., Lewis, S., & Slodkowski, A. (2017). Massacre in Myanmar: One Grave for 10 Rohingya Men. 2 September 2017, Reuters.

Martin, M. F. (2017). Burma’s Brutal Campaign against the Rohingya, Congressional Research Service, 7-5700.

Mohajan, H. K. (2013). Human Rights in Bangladesh: Stresses on the Period of 2009 to 2012. KASBIT Business Journal, 6, 38–64.

Mohajan, H. K. (2018). History of Rakhine State and the Origin of the Rohingya Muslims. IKAT: The Indonesian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 2(1), 19–46.

Motlagh, J. (2014). These Aren’t Refugee Camps, They’re Concentration Camps, and People are Dying in Them. The Time, June 17, 2014.

Pitman, T., & Gecker. J. (2015). Malaysia Migrant Graves Reveal 139 Human Skeletons at Site Where Rohingya Muslims ‘Kept by Traffickers’. The Independent.

Rummel, R. J. (1998). Democide Versus Genocide: Which Is What?

Rummel, R. J. (2007). The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House Publishing.

Schabas, W. A. (2009). Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes. 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press.

Slim, W. V. (2009). Defeat into Victory: Battling Japan in Burma and India, 1942–1945. London: Pan.

Smith, M. (2006). The Muslim Rohingya of Burma. Kaladan Press.

Stanton, G. (2013). Ten Stages of Genocide. Genocide Watch, 2013. http://www.genocidewatch.org/genocide/tenstagesofgenocide.html

Szurlej, C. (2015). Preventing Genocide against the Rohingya Muslim Minority in Myanmar. Paper Presented at a Conference Entitled “Human Rights, Violence and Dictatorship in Krakow” on 4 December 2015, pp. 90–114.

Taylor, A. (2018). In a First, Burmese Military Admits that Soldiers Killed Rohingya Found in Mass Grave.10 January 2018.

The Guardian (2017). Massacre at Tula Toli: Rohingya Recall Horror of Myanmar Army Attack. 7 September 2017. The Guardian.

The Human Rights Council (2017). The 4th Annual Youth Model United Nations Conference. Background Guide. Regent’s University, London.

The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, OHCHR (1951). Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), 12 January 1951.

Totten, S., Parsons, W. S., & Charny, I. W. (Eds.) (1997). Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views. New York.

Ullah, A. A. (2011). Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusions and Contemporary Marginalization. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 9(2), 139–161.

UN (1948). Legal Definition of Genocide. United Nations.

UN Guide for Minorities (2017). The United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Minorities/Pages/MinoritiesGuide.aspx

UN News Centre (2017). UN Human Rights Chief Points to ‘Textbook Example of Ethnic Cleansing in Myanmar’, 11 September 2017. www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57490#.Wf8h2Fu0PIU

UNOCHA (2015). Myanmar: Internal Displacement in Rakhine State. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Affected_Map_IDP_Sites_Rakhine_OCHA_Aug2015_A4.pdf

Veen, R. T. (2005). Myanmar’s Muslims: The Oppressed of the Oppressed. Islamic Human Rights Commission, Great Britain.

Wagley, R. (2014). The Quiet Audience: Responsibility to Call for an International Investigation into Crimes against Muslims in Burma. Emory International Law Review, 28(1), 23–61.

Wright, R., & Westcott, B. (2017). CNN, September 8, 2017. At Least 270,000 Rohingya Flee Myanmar Violence in 2 Weeks.

Zarmi, M., & Cowley, A. (2014). The Slow Burning Genocide of Myanmar’s Rohingya. Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 23(3), 683–754.

--0--

Downloads

Published

2018-12-31

How to Cite

Mohajan, H. K. . (2018). The Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar are Victim of Genocide!. ABC Journal of Advanced Research, 7(2), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.18034/abcjar.v7i2.82