Factors that affect Women Participation in Leadership and Decision Making Position
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v1i2.287Keywords:
Affirmative action, Leadership, Gender class ceiling, Empowerment, Decision Making Process, EthiopiaAbstract
This study aimed to identify status of women in Bedele town administration, as well point out factors hindering women from the participating in public and forward some possible recommendations for solving the problems identified through study. Primarily, the study is of descriptive in nature and survey method was used in data gathering. Data used in this paper is mainly primary but to some extent secondary data as well, quantitative and qualitative types was incorporated. In doing this research paper, of total employees existing in Bedele Town administration, 108 (30% of total population) sample respondents were selected using systematic random sampling method, and were placed questionnaires containing open ended and closed ended nature questions personally, 103 (95.37%) of them had filled and returned the questionnaire. In addition, a mayor of the town and Women Affair office head were addressed through interview using interview guide. In way of analyzing data, techniques such as tabulation, percentages, chart and the like has been employed. Study revealed that, in public institutions existed in Bedele Town, the majority of women were having an educational status of diploma and lower, holding lower non decision making and leadership positions, and observed major barriers hindering women from public leadership and decision-making positions include: Socio-cultural attitudes and lack of acquisition of the necessary experience for taking part in public decision-making, Over burden of domestic responsibilities continuation of the negative attitudes regarding women’s ability to lead and govern, Lack of role models of women leaders for young women and girls, and the like can be stated. Finally, the researcher has forwarded some possible ways in which women could appear in public decision making and leadership.
Downloads
References
African Training and Research Centre in Administration for Development Report Conference on Strengthening Women Capacities in Administration, Governance and Leadership Tangier (Morocco), on 23 – 25 March 2009.
Almaz E (1991). Perspectives on Gender and Development. In: Tsehai Berhane Selassie (Ed.) Gender Issues in Ethiopia. Institute of Ethiopian Studies. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa.
Bajdo, L. M., & Dickson, M. W. (2001). Perceptions of organizational culture and women's advancement in organizations: A cross-cultural examination. Sex Roles, 45(5/6), 99.
Batliwala,Srilata (1993). Defining Women’s Empowerment: A Conceptual Framework, www.genderatwork.org/updir/Batliwala-empowermentframework.htm,( retrieved on October,04,2010)
Bolman, L. G., Terrence E. (1997). “Deal Reframing organizations”, Jossey-Bass Publishers, p. 295.
Byers, P.Y. (1997). “Organizational Communication”, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, p. 118.
CEDAW (1979).http// www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm ( last accessed December 2010)
CSA (2004). Urban Bi-Annual Employment Unemployment Survey, Addis Ababa.
CSA (2008). Summary and Statistical Report f the 2007 Population and Housing Census: Population size by age and Sex. Addis Ababa.
Dimtsachin (April-June, 2004). A quarterly magazine of Ethiopian Lawyer Association. Addis Ababa
Dimtsachin A Quarterly Magazine (2004). Ethiopian Lawyer Association December, 2004.
Erez, M., & Gati, E. (2004). A dynamic, multi-level model of culture: From the micro level of the individual to the macro level of a global culture. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53(4), 583–598.
Ethiopian Society of Population Studies (2008). Gender Inequality and Women’s Empowerment: In-depth Analysis of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2005, Addis Ababa.
Fagerberg, J. (1994). Technology and international differences in growth rates. Journal of Economic Literature, 32, 1147-1175.
Farid, M. (2007). Entrepreneurship in Egypt and the US compared: Directions for further research suggested. The Journal of Management Development, 26(5), 428.
FDRE (1994). FDRE Education and Training Policy. Addis Ababa: St. George Printing Press.
FDRE (1997). FDRE Cultural Policy. Addis Ababa: Artistic Printing Press.
FDRE _ (1995). FDRE Constitution. Addis Ababa: Berhanena Selam Printing Enterprise.
Federal Civil Service Commission (2005). Survey on the Status of Men and Women Employees and Strategies for Gender Equality. Main Report. Addis Ababa.
Fourth World Conference on Women (FWCW) Platform for Action (1995). Women in Power and Decision –Making, www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/ beijing/platform/decision/
Gardner, J. W. (1990). “On Leadership”, The Free Press, New York, p. 171 (p. 9).
Haregewoin C, Emebet M (2003). Towards Gender equality in Ethiopia. A Profile of Gender Relations. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.
Hirut T (2004). Violence Against Women in Ethiopia: A Strong Case of Civil Society Concern. In: Chowdhury, S., Wais, A., and Kahsai Wolde Giorgis (Eds) Civil Society in Ethiopia: Reflections on Realities and Perspectives of Hope. African – Asian Studies Promotion Association.
http://publications.oxfam.org.uk/oxfam/display.asp?ISBN=9780855986261(Women’s Leadership and Participation: Overview, Women’s Leadership & Participation, Programme Insights, Oxfam GB. February 2008 18)
http://www.ipu.org//wmn-e/classif.htm (Women in Politics 60 Years in retrospect information Kit, IPU. November 12,2010
http://www.womenscampaigninternational.org (proposed Curriculum for the capacity building training with women members of parliament of the house of people’s Representatives of Ethiopia, last accessed on January , 22,2011)
Human Development Report (1993). United Nations Development Programs. New York: UNDP.
Jane H. Bayes and Jeane Mariecol (1991). Women and public Administration an international Perspective. USA, New York, Harrington Park Press.
Jelaludin A, Abgeli A, Alemtsehay B, Salvini S (2001). Gender Issues, Population and Development in Ethiopia: in-depth Studies from the 1994 Population and Housing Census in Ethiopia Central Statistical Authority, Addis Ababa, and Institute for Population Research – National Research Council (Irp – Cnr), Roma.
Joshi ST (1999). Women and development – The changing scenario. New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
K., Leung & Bond, M. H. (2004). Social axioms: A model for social beliefs in multicultural perspective. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 36, pp. 119–197). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
Khan, Niaz Ahmed (1993). “Towards an Understanding of ‘Participation’; The Conceptual Labyrinth Revisited” in Administrative Change, Vol.XX, Nos.1-2: July 1992-June, pp.106-120.
Kouzes, J. M., Posner, B. Z. (1995). “The Leadership Challenge”, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, p. 29.
Lieb, H., & Thistle, S. (2005). Marriage, work, poverty, and children: The changing impact of marriage, motherhood and work on women's poverty. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 27(3/4), 5.
March C, Smyth I, Mukhopadhyay M (1999). A Guide to Gender Analysis Frameworks. Oxfam Print Unit.
Matlsoa k. and shale M. (2008). Political Parties Programme Handbook ETSA, Johannesburg South Africa
Meaza Ashenafi (2009). Factors Affecting Women Participation in Politics and Decision making. A Dissertation of MA Thesis
Meron Genene (2003). http://131.130.59.105:8180/ethiopia/pdf/speech_meron.pdf (last accessed on January 22,2011) Paper presented at the conference entitled “Bridge Building between Ethiopia and Austria”, organised by Äthiopisch-Österreichische Frauensolidarität and Österreichisch-Äthiopische Gesellschaft, May 9, 2003, Vienna, Austria.
Misra, S.N. (1984). Participation and Development, India: NBO Publishers.
Mukuria A, Aboulfia C, Themme A (2005). The Context of Women’s Health: Results from the Demographic and Health Surveys, 1994 – 2001. Comparative Reports No 11. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro.
National Committee Traditional Practices in Ethiopia (2003). AAU Printing Press, Addis Ababa.
Oxaal, Zoe and Baden, Sally (1997). Gender and Empowerment: Definitions, Approaches and Implications for Policy, Bridge (development-gender). University of Sussex: Institute of Development Studies. UK.
Rahman, M. Shamsur (1991). People’s Participation at the Upazilla Level: Problems and Prospects (A Study of Twelve Upazillas in Bangladesh), Rajshahi University.
Sen S, Batliwala S (2000). Empowering women for reproductive rights. In: Women’s empowerment and demographic processes, Harriet B. and Gita Sen Presser. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sharma, S. (2007). Financial development and innovation in small firms The World Bank.
Sosena Demissie and Tsehai Yitbarek (2008). Digest of Ethiopia’s Policies, Programs and Strategies: A Review of National Policy on Ethiopian Women, EEA, Addis Ababa.
Stelter, N. Z. (2002). Gender differences in leadership: Current social issues and future organizational implications. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 8(4), 88.
T., Friedman (2005). The world is flat. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
Tesfu Baraki (1996). Society and Women in Ethiopia, EWLA sponsored Research. Addis Ababa, Unpublished.
TGE (1993). National Population Policy of Ethiopia. Office of the Prime Minister. Addis Ababa.
Tigist Zeleke (2005)sss. The Political Participation of Women in Ethiopia: Challenges and Prospects. EWLA, Addis Ababa.
UN (1995). The World’s Women Trends and Statistics. USA, New, United Nations Publication
UN. (2005b). Investment in development: A practical plan to achieve the millennium development goals. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
UNDP (2003). Empowering Women the Key to Achieving the Millennium Development Goal.
UNDP. (2007). Making globalization work for all: United nations development programme annual report 2007. New York: United Nations Development Programme
Wikipedia (2005). 22nd July .http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/women, Retrieved on 24.07.2005.
World Bank. (2007b). Doing business report 2008: Comparing regulations in 178 economies. Washington, D.C.
World Bank. (2008a). Enterprise Survey. Retrieved January/February 2008, from www.enterprisesurveys.org
World Bank. (2008b). Paying taxes 2008: The global picture. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank / Price Waterhouse Coopers.
Yukl, G., (1994). “Leadership in Organizations”, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, p. 3.
--0--
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
How to Cite
